{
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "segments": [
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "0",
      "endTime": "6.76",
      "body": "I've mentioned it before, but one of my first jobs during summer breaks from college was as a help desk technician."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "7.62",
      "endTime": "14.86",
      "body": "This was one of the first times I had mass exposure to the PS2, Personal System 2, port on computers."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "15.82",
      "endTime": "24.02",
      "body": "I remember the purple and green ports on the family computer growing up, but once you plugged devices into them, they were pretty much set and forget."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "25.22",
      "endTime": "31.64",
      "body": "But working as a help desk technician, at least three times a week, someone was having issues with their keyboard or mouse."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "32.32",
      "endTime": "39.96",
      "body": "Whenever this happened, I would walk to their desk, unplug the devices, plug them back in, reboot, and see if it worked."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "40.86",
      "endTime": "48.14",
      "body": "The issue was either the port or the hardware, but either way, we just started switching users to USB keyboards and mice."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "49.38",
      "endTime": "57.7",
      "body": "We always kept a few of those PS2 devices around, just in case an older computer required them, but they were quickly fading out of existence."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "58.48",
      "endTime": "59.7",
      "body": "And thinking about it now..."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "60",
      "endTime": "62.38",
      "body": "I can't even recall the last time I saw one."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "63.34",
      "endTime": "66.84",
      "body": "While keyboards and mice are just everyday things sitting on a desk,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "67.24",
      "endTime": "70.98",
      "body": "it's important to remember just how vital these peripherals are."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "71.62",
      "endTime": "74.06",
      "body": "They are the human interface to the computer."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "75.08",
      "endTime": "81.64",
      "body": "From PS2, not the gaming console, to USB-C, on this episode of In the Shell."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "82.72",
      "endTime": "87.3",
      "body": "The wrong thing to do is just go out and buy a computer and then learn about it."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "87.3",
      "endTime": "91.2",
      "body": "And you'll learn, but you'll learn a lot of things that maybe you didn't want to learn."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "91.38",
      "endTime": "96.94",
      "body": "A computer that you buy today will likely be obsolete six months from now,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "96.98",
      "endTime": "99.14",
      "body": "and there's not a dang thing that you can do about it."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "101.04",
      "endTime": "106.52",
      "body": "My name is Josh, and I'm able to keep this podcast independent and advertisement-free"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "106.52",
      "endTime": "108.92",
      "body": "because of support from listeners like you."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "109.4",
      "endTime": "111.6",
      "body": "If you are finding value in what I'm doing here,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "111.86",
      "endTime": "116.76",
      "body": "consider becoming a paid supporter at members.sideofburritos.com."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "117.3",
      "endTime": "119.98",
      "body": "And as a thank you, members get early access to new..."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "120",
      "endTime": "126.34",
      "body": "videos, ad-free versions of everything, bonus content, and access to a live monthly Q&A."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "126.82",
      "endTime": "129.7",
      "body": "Thanks for considering. Now let's get back to the show."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "130.92",
      "endTime": "134.36",
      "body": "Input devices are how we tell our computers and gadgets what to do."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "134.78",
      "endTime": "140.22",
      "body": "The classic duo is the keyboard and mouse, which have been staples of desktop computing for decades."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "140.8",
      "endTime": "146.62",
      "body": "A keyboard remains the fastest way to enter text. Having a physical keyboard allows typing"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "146.62",
      "endTime": "152.82",
      "body": "that's much faster and less error-prone than tapping on a touchscreen. Each key press is"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "152.82",
      "endTime": "158.5",
      "body": "distinct, and people like myself often prefer mechanical keyboards for their tactile feedback"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "158.5",
      "endTime": "163.68",
      "body": "and durability. Mechanical key switches can endure tens of millions of presses,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "164.08",
      "endTime": "170.12",
      "body": "far outlasting typical membrane keyboards. The mouse gives us precise pointing control"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "170.12",
      "endTime": "176.4",
      "body": "and graphical interfaces. The rise of the mouse in the 1980s revolutionized user interaction"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "176.4",
      "endTime": "179.98",
      "body": "by making graphical user interfaces like Windows and"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "180",
      "endTime": "187.36",
      "body": "Mac feasible. A mouse pointer can click tiny icons or drag files with pixel-level accuracy,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "187.86",
      "endTime": "193.64",
      "body": "something touchscreens struggle with due to the fat finger problem. It's worth noting that how"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "193.64",
      "endTime": "198.92",
      "body": "we connect our input devices has evolved as well. Older PCs, like I mentioned in the intro,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "199.28",
      "endTime": "205.22",
      "body": "use dedicated ports for keyboards and mice. The most famous was the round PS2 port,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "205.22",
      "endTime": "211.3",
      "body": "purple for keyboards and green for mice. These ports worked fine, but they came with limitations."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "212.72",
      "endTime": "218.58",
      "body": "PS2 devices were not hot-swappable, which meant you needed to plug them in before turning on your PC,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "218.86",
      "endTime": "224.86",
      "body": "and unplugging them while running wasn't officially supported. The connectors themselves were small"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "224.86",
      "endTime": "230.46",
      "body": "and could be finicky, the PS2 plug had to be oriented correctly, or you could easily bend"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "230.46",
      "endTime": "237",
      "body": "the tiny pins while plugging it in. But starting in the late 1990s, the USB standard took over."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "237.84",
      "endTime": "239.98",
      "body": "USB was designed to be a one-size-fif-"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "240",
      "endTime": "246.62",
      "body": "all connection, replacing the tangle of serial, parallel, and PS2 ports that PCs used to have."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "247.28",
      "endTime": "253.62",
      "body": "With USB, the same kind of port could handle your keyboard, mouse, printer, external drive,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "253.76",
      "endTime": "260.06",
      "body": "and it also provided power, so devices like mice or webcams didn't need a separate power brick."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "261.1",
      "endTime": "266.6",
      "body": "USB also made peripherals plug and play, which meant you could connect or disconnect devices"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "266.6",
      "endTime": "273.76",
      "body": "on the fly and the system would auto-detect them without a reboot. USB itself has continued to"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "273.76",
      "endTime": "280.66",
      "body": "improve over the years. The standard rectangular USB-A plugs gave us convenience, but they only"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "280.66",
      "endTime": "287.06",
      "body": "inserted one way, which is always guaranteed to be the wrong way. Modern devices are increasingly"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "287.06",
      "endTime": "293.26",
      "body": "using USB-C, which is the oval-shaped connector that is fully reversible, even though some"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "293.26",
      "endTime": "299.86",
      "body": "manufacturers and products keep including USB-A cables. Beyond convenience, USB-C"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "300",
      "endTime": "301.82",
      "body": "supports much faster data transfer,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "302.12",
      "endTime": "306.02",
      "body": "and significantly more power delivery than older USB ports."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "307.2",
      "endTime": "309.72",
      "body": "It's versatile enough that a single USB-C cable"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "309.72",
      "endTime": "313.8",
      "body": "can carry video, audio, data, and power simultaneously."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "315.1",
      "endTime": "317.46",
      "body": "On my setup, I have a single USB-C cable"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "317.46",
      "endTime": "319.78",
      "body": "that outputs video to my 4K monitor"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "320.54",
      "endTime": "322.32",
      "body": "and charges my laptop at the same time."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "324.24",
      "endTime": "326.8",
      "body": "Just as input devices feed commands into a computer,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "326.8",
      "endTime": "329.74",
      "body": "output devices present the results back to us,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "330.56",
      "endTime": "332.52",
      "body": "most importantly, through displays."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "333.36",
      "endTime": "337.26",
      "body": "Monitors and laptop screens traditionally use LCD technology,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "337.6",
      "endTime": "341.3",
      "body": "liquid crystal display, usually with LED backlighting."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "342.3",
      "endTime": "344.94",
      "body": "They come in various sizes, and for a long time,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "345.14",
      "endTime": "347.92",
      "body": "most monitors were around 60 hertz refresh rate,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "348.4",
      "endTime": "351.22",
      "body": "meaning the image could update 60 times per second."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "352.36",
      "endTime": "355.96",
      "body": "A 60 hertz screen is adequate for office work or movies,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "355.96",
      "endTime": "358.36",
      "body": "which are often 24 frames per second,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "358.62",
      "endTime": "359.98",
      "body": "but higher refresh rate."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "360",
      "endTime": "368.96",
      "body": "make motion look smoother. In recent years, higher refresh rate monitors, 120, 144, and even 240 hertz"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "368.96",
      "endTime": "376.96",
      "body": "have become popular, especially for gaming. A 120 hertz monitor refreshes 120 times a second,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "377.14",
      "endTime": "385.38",
      "body": "so fast action sports or games appear much more fluid. Monitors also prioritize resolution and"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "385.38",
      "endTime": "393.62",
      "body": "size. It's common now to see 4K resolutions, which is 3840 by 2160 pixels, on a monitor or TV."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "394.74",
      "endTime": "403.78",
      "body": "However, a big screen spreads those pixels out. As an example, a 55-inch 1080p TV has a pixel density"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "403.78",
      "endTime": "410.7",
      "body": "of only 40 pixels per inch, whereas a small smartphone with a 1080p resolution has around"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "410.7",
      "endTime": "415.96",
      "body": "400 pixels per inch. This is why a phone display looks super crisp from up close."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "416.36",
      "endTime": "419.98",
      "body": "It crams many more pixels per inch, achieving a retina"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "420",
      "endTime": "427.08",
      "body": "effect, where you can't discern individual pixels at a normal viewing distance. In contrast to a"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "427.08",
      "endTime": "434.38",
      "body": "majority of monitors, most high-end phones today use OLED, which stands for organic LED, rather"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "434.38",
      "endTime": "441.38",
      "body": "than LCD. OLEDs have individually lit pixels, allowing for perfect blacks and high contrast."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "442.54",
      "endTime": "448.36",
      "body": "If part of the image is black, those pixels completely shut off, yielding inky black darkness"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "448.36",
      "endTime": "454.78",
      "body": "next to bright colors. They also have fast response times, but pixels can change state quickly,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "455.02",
      "endTime": "460.96",
      "body": "which can reduce motion blur. OLED's advantages make it great for portable devices,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "461.34",
      "endTime": "467.78",
      "body": "where visual quality and power efficiency are a priority. Mobile displays have also started"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "467.78",
      "endTime": "473.3",
      "body": "adopting high refresh rates recently. For years, virtually all phones were fixed at 60 hertz,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "474.04",
      "endTime": "479.88",
      "body": "but as users noticed the buttery smooth scrolling on newer screens, 90 and 120 hertz phones"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "479.88",
      "endTime": "479.9",
      "body": "current languages, 10 per cent, and more around."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "479.92",
      "endTime": "479.94",
      "body": "..."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "480",
      "endTime": "488.18",
      "body": "have become common. By 2023, many flagship phones, and even mid-range models, boasted 120Hz"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "488.18",
      "endTime": "494.26",
      "body": "displays for a more responsive feel. This higher refresh rate not only benefits gaming on the phone,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "494.4",
      "endTime": "500",
      "body": "but even basic interactions like swiping through pages or animations when opening apps look"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "500",
      "endTime": "507.62",
      "body": "smoother. To manage battery life, since refreshing twice as often uses more power, many phones use"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "507.62",
      "endTime": "514.64",
      "body": "adaptive refresh rates, ramping up to 120Hz when needed for motion, then dropping to lower refresh"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "514.64",
      "endTime": "521.02",
      "body": "rates for static content to save energy. On the other hand, desktop monitors can do high refresh"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "521.02",
      "endTime": "526.68",
      "body": "rates more easily, since they are plugged into power, and often paired with powerful graphics cards"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "526.68",
      "endTime": "533.9",
      "body": "that can push very high frame rates in games. And finally, peripherals greatly influence"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "533.9",
      "endTime": "539.86",
      "body": "accessibility and comfort. Ergonomic keyboards and mice can help prevent fatigue and repetitive"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "540",
      "endTime": "542.92",
      "body": "strain injuries for heavy computer users."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "544.5",
      "endTime": "550.4",
      "body": "Beyond ergonomics, a wide range of accessibility-focused peripherals exist to ensure that people with"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "550.4",
      "endTime": "554.82",
      "body": "disabilities have the same opportunities to interact with computers and devices."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "556.04",
      "endTime": "561.9",
      "body": "These include alternative keyboards, adaptive mice, eye-tracking systems, switch-based inputs,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "562.12",
      "endTime": "563.68",
      "body": "and voice-controlled interfaces."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "566.04",
      "endTime": "567.8",
      "body": "Peripherals are often called the human interface."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "567.8",
      "endTime": "571.1",
      "body": "They are the touch points where human meets machine."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "571.76",
      "endTime": "577.26",
      "body": "Well-designed peripherals can make using technology feel like an extension of yourself."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "580.32",
      "endTime": "586.68",
      "body": "In the Shell is written, researched, and recorded by me, the podcaster, plus keyboard, mouse,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "586.96",
      "endTime": "587.76",
      "body": "mic, and monitor."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "589.76",
      "endTime": "593.68",
      "body": "If you are listening in an app that lets you rate shows, please take a minute to rate this"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "593.68",
      "endTime": "593.92",
      "body": "one."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "594.58",
      "endTime": "596.4",
      "body": "I would truly appreciate it."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "598.16",
      "endTime": "599.96",
      "body": "USB-A has two orientations."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "599.96",
      "endTime": "599.98",
      "body": "I would really appreciate it."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "600",
      "endTime": "606.3",
      "body": "and both are wrong the first time that's it take care and i'll see you next time"
    }
  ]
}