{
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "segments": [
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "0",
      "endTime": "3.12",
      "body": "Growing up, I really enjoyed playing with Legos."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "4.04",
      "endTime": "9.06",
      "body": "One of my favorite Lego sets was number 6339, Shuttle Launch Pad."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "9.7",
      "endTime": "15.52",
      "body": "Released in 1995 as part of the Launch Command series, it featured a detailed space shuttle"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "15.52",
      "endTime": "21.14",
      "body": "with an external fuel tank and solid rocket boosters, a satellite payload, a crawler"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "21.14",
      "endTime": "25.06",
      "body": "transporter, and a launch pad complete with a mission control center."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "25.88",
      "endTime": "32",
      "body": "The set included four minifigures, an astronaut, a scientist, and two ground crew members."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "32.68",
      "endTime": "36.8",
      "body": "I remember my friends and I would pretend the shuttle was flying by throwing it from the"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "36.8",
      "endTime": "37.76",
      "body": "top of the swing set."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "38.26",
      "endTime": "43.08",
      "body": "I mean, it didn't really fly, and we had to pick up the pieces after, but it was a lot"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "43.08",
      "endTime": "43.48",
      "body": "of fun."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "44.38",
      "endTime": "49.1",
      "body": "Today isn't about Legos, but it is about someone who helped make the trip to the moon possible."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "49.74",
      "endTime": "54.36",
      "body": "From a small town in the Midwest, to leading the team that wrote the software for the Apollo"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "54.36",
      "endTime": "57.32",
      "body": "missions, and this episode of In The Shell."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "60",
      "endTime": "62.2",
      "body": "Hey, why we're not shipping Windows 98?"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "62.24",
      "endTime": "62.7",
      "body": "Absolutely."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "63.2",
      "endTime": "65.86",
      "body": "Mr. Jobs, you're a bright and influential man."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "66.04",
      "endTime": "66.6",
      "body": "Here it comes."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "67.38",
      "endTime": "72",
      "body": "It's sad and clear that on several accounts you've discussed, you don't know what you're talking about."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "72.18",
      "endTime": "82.18",
      "body": "The key to success is developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "82.24",
      "endTime": "83.7",
      "body": "Janice and I don't own phones."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "84.08",
      "endTime": "87.36",
      "body": "Neither should you people, if you have any kind of common sense."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "89.44",
      "endTime": "97.48",
      "body": "My name is Josh, and I'm able to keep this podcast independent and advertisement-free because of support from listeners like you."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "97.82",
      "endTime": "105.3",
      "body": "If you are finding value in what I'm doing here, consider becoming a paid supporter at members.sideofburritos.com."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "105.5",
      "endTime": "114.9",
      "body": "And as a thank you, members get early access to new videos, ad-free versions of everything, bonus content, and access to a live monthly Q&A."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "115.38",
      "endTime": "116.58",
      "body": "Thanks for considering."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "116.58",
      "endTime": "118.26",
      "body": "Now let's get back to the show."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "120",
      "endTime": "123.78",
      "body": "Margaret Hamilton's journey to the stars began in the American Midwest."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "124.3",
      "endTime": "130.1",
      "body": "She was born Margaret Hayfield in 1936 in the small town of Paoli, Indiana."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "130.64",
      "endTime": "138.66",
      "body": "In college, Hamilton double majored in math and philosophy at Earlham College in Indiana, graduating in 1958."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "139.36",
      "endTime": "143.1",
      "body": "After college, she even taught high school math for a short time,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "143.44",
      "endTime": "148.82",
      "body": "showing a knack for explaining complex ideas, a skill that would serve her well in the years ahead."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "150",
      "endTime": "155.78",
      "body": "Life took an unexpected turn when Margaret's husband, James Hamilton, enrolled at Harvard Law School."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "156.38",
      "endTime": "163.38",
      "body": "The young family, now including a baby daughter, moved to Boston, and Margaret sought work to support them."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "164.56",
      "endTime": "170.22",
      "body": "In 1959, she landed a job at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "170.86",
      "endTime": "176.44",
      "body": "working in the lab of Professor Edward Lorenz, the famed mathematician behind chaos theory."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "177.16",
      "endTime": "179.82",
      "body": "There, Margaret was tasked with writing software."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "180",
      "endTime": "185.78",
      "body": "to predict the weather, a cutting-edge project for its time. This was her first encounter with"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "185.78",
      "endTime": "191.66",
      "body": "computers, and she learned programming on the job. Remember that in the late 1950s,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "191.88",
      "endTime": "197.68",
      "body": "computer science wasn't even a formal field of study. Programmers like Hamilton picked up skills"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "197.68",
      "endTime": "205.24",
      "body": "by diving into projects firsthand. By 1961, Hamilton had parlayed that experience into a"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "205.24",
      "endTime": "211.84",
      "body": "role at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory, coding for the SAGE Project, an air defense system that required"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "211.84",
      "endTime": "218.98",
      "body": "software to track incoming aircraft. In the mid-1960s, the United States was racing to land"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "218.98",
      "endTime": "225.14",
      "body": "a man on the moon, and MIT was contracted to develop the guidance computer for NASA's Apollo program."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "225.64",
      "endTime": "230.84",
      "body": "Upon hearing that MIT needed programmers for Apollo, Margaret Hamilton didn't hesitate."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "231.38",
      "endTime": "237.32",
      "body": "She later said that she thought, wow, I've got to go there, postponing her plans for graduate school"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "237.32",
      "endTime": "239.92",
      "body": "to be part of the moon mission. Thanks to her."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "240",
      "endTime": "246.24",
      "body": "Her success on earlier projects, Hamilton became the first programmer hired for Apollo's onboard flight software."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "246.58",
      "endTime": "255.32",
      "body": "And by 1965, this talented 20-something was heading to the Software Engineering Division at MIT's Instrumentation Laboratory."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "256.58",
      "endTime": "264.24",
      "body": "Her team was responsible for writing and testing the code that would run on the Apollo Guidance computers in both the Command Module and the Lunar Module,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "264.56",
      "endTime": "267.54",
      "body": "the spacecraft that would carry humans to the moon and back."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "268.32",
      "endTime": "271.9",
      "body": "Leading this project meant venturing into uncharted territory."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "272.34",
      "endTime": "277.36",
      "body": "There were no textbooks or courses on how to write flight software for a spacecraft."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "278.06",
      "endTime": "283.6",
      "body": "In fact, the very idea of software engineering as a discipline did not exist."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "284.16",
      "endTime": "285.66",
      "body": "So what did Hamilton do?"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "285.88",
      "endTime": "295.82",
      "body": "She coined the term software engineer herself to make the case that creating software was just as much an engineering discipline as building the Apollo spacecraft hardware."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "295.82",
      "endTime": "299.86",
      "body": "At first, some of her colleagues chuckled at the grant."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "300",
      "endTime": "306.3",
      "body": "sounding title. It was an ongoing joke for a long time, she recalled, of her early use of software"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "306.3",
      "endTime": "312.64",
      "body": "engineering. But Margaret persisted. She wanted the software and the people writing it to be"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "312.64",
      "endTime": "319.44",
      "body": "taken seriously. In hindsight, her insistence paid off. Today, everyone uses the term she"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "319.44",
      "endTime": "325.14",
      "body": "popularized, and software engineering is a respected profession, thanks in part to pioneers"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "325.14",
      "endTime": "331.88",
      "body": "like her. Hamilton's team had to invent many of the tools and practices of modern software development"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "331.88",
      "endTime": "338.64",
      "body": "from scratch. They were writing code for a computer with only 72 kilobytes of memory, not even enough"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "338.64",
      "endTime": "345.12",
      "body": "to store a single modern photo, which usually takes 2-5 megabytes. Everything had to be ultra-efficient"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "345.12",
      "endTime": "351.32",
      "body": "and rock-solid reliable. The programming was done in assembly language and meticulously written out"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "351.32",
      "endTime": "357.52",
      "body": "by hand. In an era before interactive computer screens, they punched their code onto stacks of"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "357.52",
      "endTime": "359.86",
      "body": "paper cards to input into room."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "360",
      "endTime": "365.88",
      "body": "sized IBM machines. The team would run simulations and then pour over the printouts of the results,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "366.42",
      "endTime": "371.82",
      "body": "literally eyeballing hundreds of pages of listings to spot bugs or confirm the code was"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "371.82",
      "endTime": "378.12",
      "body": "working as intended. It was laborious, tedious work, and absolutely critical, since an error"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "378.12",
      "endTime": "382.32",
      "body": "in the Apollo guidance software could mean the difference between life and death for the"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "382.32",
      "endTime": "388.02",
      "body": "astronauts. Once the code was verified on paper, it still had to be transferred into the Apollo"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "388.02",
      "endTime": "394.92",
      "body": "flight computers, but there were no flash drives or downloads in 1969. Instead, the final programs"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "394.92",
      "endTime": "401",
      "body": "were woven by hand into physical memory. Hamilton software was turned into so-called core rope"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "401",
      "endTime": "406.22",
      "body": "memory, where workers at a factory, many of them women who had worked as textile weavers,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "406.78",
      "endTime": "412.46",
      "body": "threaded copper wires through tiny magnetic cores and patterns representing the ones and zeros of"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "412.46",
      "endTime": "419.3",
      "body": "the program. If a wire went through the core, that meant one. If a wire went around it, that meant zero."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "420",
      "endTime": "424.6",
      "body": "The result was a braided rope of memory that could withstand the vibrations of launch."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "424.84",
      "endTime": "433.34",
      "body": "This process was so unusual that Hamilton affectionately nicknamed the woman who did it, the LOL, short for Little Old Ladies."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "433.8",
      "endTime": "441",
      "body": "And she herself earned the lighthearted title of rope mother, since she oversaw the creation of the ropes that held her code."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "441.22",
      "endTime": "447.06",
      "body": "It was a perfect marriage of 19th century craftsmanship with 20th century computer science."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "447.94",
      "endTime": "457.16",
      "body": "All of this effort culminated in July 1969 with Apollo 11's historic moon landing, and Hamilton software was put to a dramatic test."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "458.24",
      "endTime": "464.8",
      "body": "As the lunar module Eagle descended to the moon's surface, its onboard computer suddenly began flashing alarm messages."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "465.86",
      "endTime": "467.06",
      "body": "Imagine the scene."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "467.48",
      "endTime": "475.36",
      "body": "Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin are thousands of miles from Earth, about to land on the moon, and the computer starts bulking with error codes."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "475.36",
      "endTime": "479.62",
      "body": "In Houston's Mission Control, controllers faced a razor-edge decision."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "480",
      "endTime": "483.06",
      "body": "Go or no-go? Should they abort the landing?"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "484.18",
      "endTime": "488.96",
      "body": "Fortunately, Margaret Hamilton's team had designed the software to be resilient."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "489.78",
      "endTime": "493.34",
      "body": "The Apollo computer was programmed to recognize it was overloaded"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "493.34",
      "endTime": "498.84",
      "body": "and automatically shed low-priority tasks, focusing only on the most important jobs."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "499.18",
      "endTime": "501.06",
      "body": "And that's exactly what happened."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "501.38",
      "endTime": "506.94",
      "body": "The radar system had been erroneously left on and was taxing the computer's limited capacity."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "508.04",
      "endTime": "512.16",
      "body": "Hamilton's software ignored the radar data and kept the lander on track."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "512.96",
      "endTime": "516.94",
      "body": "Trusting the software, Mission Control gave the go for landing,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "517.22",
      "endTime": "522.06",
      "body": "and Armstrong and Aldrin safely touched down with only seconds of fuel to spare."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "523.24",
      "endTime": "526.86",
      "body": "Okay, engine stop. We copy you down, Eagle."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "532.56",
      "endTime": "536.5",
      "body": "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "536.94",
      "endTime": "537.22",
      "body": "Later."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "540",
      "endTime": "544.88",
      "body": "Hamilton explained that the software had detected the problem and was compensating for it,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "545.24",
      "endTime": "550.98",
      "body": "allowing the mission to succeed. Hamilton's attention to detail had anticipated even the"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "550.98",
      "endTime": "557.52",
      "body": "unlikeliest of errors. In one case, before Apollo 11, she had brought her daughter Lauren to the"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "557.52",
      "endTime": "562.84",
      "body": "lab on a weekend. The little girl, playing astronaut, managed to press a sequence of"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "562.84",
      "endTime": "568.48",
      "body": "buttons on the simulator that caused a crash. Realizing an astronaut might make the same"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "568.48",
      "endTime": "574.54",
      "body": "mistake in flight, Margaret wanted to add a failsafe into the code. However, some of her"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "574.54",
      "endTime": "580.98",
      "body": "NASA superiors initially pushed back. Astronauts are trained to never make a mistake, they argued."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "581.64",
      "endTime": "588.76",
      "body": "Fast forward to Apollo 8 in 1968, astronaut Jim Lavelle did accidentally select the wrong program"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "588.76",
      "endTime": "594.52",
      "body": "and triggered a similar crash during the moon orbiting mission. Hamilton's team had to scramble"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "594.52",
      "endTime": "599.92",
      "body": "to help the astronauts quickly recover. After that close call, no one doubted her again."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "600.72",
      "endTime": "606.56",
      "body": "For subsequent missions, Hamilton made sure that the software was updated to prevent that error entirely."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "607.48",
      "endTime": "613.58",
      "body": "It's worth pausing to appreciate just how different programming was in the 1960s compared to today."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "614.1",
      "endTime": "621.44",
      "body": "Margaret Hamilton's code was written out longhand, transcribed to punch cards, and painstakingly checked on printouts."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "622.02",
      "endTime": "626.04",
      "body": "Once finalized, changing the software was extremely difficult."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "626.04",
      "endTime": "632.12",
      "body": "The programs were woven into hardware memory, so any update meant physically altering the ropes."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "632.9",
      "endTime": "640.76",
      "body": "Testing was likewise a manual, exhausted process, using simulators and laboriously analyzing output by sight."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "641.14",
      "endTime": "648.64",
      "body": "There was no version control system, no stack overflow to consult, and certainly no Google it option if you hit a snag."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "649.4",
      "endTime": "655.38",
      "body": "Hamilton's team had to rely on creativity, discipline, and countless hours of simulation to get things right."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "656.34",
      "endTime": "658.58",
      "body": "Contrast that with software development today."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "658.88",
      "endTime": "659.88",
      "body": "Modern engineers..."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "659.88",
      "endTime": "659.9",
      "body": "..."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "660",
      "endTime": "664.22",
      "body": "to work with high-level programming languages, far removed from raw machine code,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "664.54",
      "endTime": "667.48",
      "body": "and have interactive computers with graphical interfaces,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "667.92",
      "endTime": "672.86",
      "body": "and now, with AI, we even have computers writing code for other computers."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "674.04",
      "endTime": "677.34",
      "body": "After Apollo 11 and the subsequent moon landings,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "677.86",
      "endTime": "680.76",
      "body": "Margaret Hamilton's work continued to blaze trails."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "681.2",
      "endTime": "684.74",
      "body": "She remained with the Apollo program through the early 1970s,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "684.74",
      "endTime": "691.74",
      "body": "contributing to the successful flights of Apollo 12, 14, 15, 16, 17,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "692.06",
      "endTime": "694.68",
      "body": "and to the Skylab Space Station program."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "695.72",
      "endTime": "698.94",
      "body": "In 1972, as the Apollo era wound down,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "699.52",
      "endTime": "703.52",
      "body": "Hamilton left MIT to apply her expertise in the private sector."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "704.4",
      "endTime": "708.28",
      "body": "She founded a company called Higher Order Software in 1976,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "708.76",
      "endTime": "714.1",
      "body": "aiming to bring the error-reducing techniques from Apollo into general software development."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "715.1",
      "endTime": "717.46",
      "body": "A decade later, in 1986,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "718.26",
      "endTime": "719.4",
      "body": "she started a new venture,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "719.4",
      "endTime": "719.42",
      "body": "Thank you."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "720",
      "endTime": "725.2",
      "body": "Hamilton Technologies Incorporated, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and built around a"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "725.2",
      "endTime": "731.28",
      "body": "revolutionary concept she developed known as the Universal System Language, which was designed to"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "731.28",
      "endTime": "737.86",
      "body": "prevent errors in complex software systems. For many years, Margaret Hamilton was celebrated"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "737.86",
      "endTime": "743.14",
      "body": "in aerospace and computing circles, but remained relatively unknown to the general public."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "743.5",
      "endTime": "748.74",
      "body": "That changed as the world gradually came to recognize the importance of the software and"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "748.74",
      "endTime": "756.44",
      "body": "Apollo's success. In 2003, NASA awarded her the Exceptional Space Act Award for her contributions"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "756.44",
      "endTime": "762.44",
      "body": "to aerospace software, along with the largest financial award NASA had ever given to one person"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "762.44",
      "endTime": "770.06",
      "body": "up to that time. And in 2016, she received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the highest"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "770.06",
      "endTime": "776.9",
      "body": "civilian honors in the United States, bestowed by President Barack Obama. By now, Margaret Hamilton"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "776.9",
      "endTime": "779.38",
      "body": "has become something of a cultural icon as well."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "780",
      "endTime": "786.4",
      "body": "In 2017, she was immortalized as a Lego figurine in the Woman of NASA collectible set."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "786.94",
      "endTime": "791.2",
      "body": "That tiny plastic Margaret, with her glasses and 1960s hairstyle,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "791.76",
      "endTime": "796.12",
      "body": "even comes with a stack of miniature code books nearly as tall as the figurine."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "796.38",
      "endTime": "799.4",
      "body": "A playful nod to the famous Apollo Code photo."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "799.96",
      "endTime": "803",
      "body": "Today, Margaret Hamilton is in her late 80s,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "803.06",
      "endTime": "807.04",
      "body": "and her legacy is firmly cemented in the history of science and engineering."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "807.04",
      "endTime": "812.68",
      "body": "She continues to serve as the CEO of Hamilton Technologies, the company she founded,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "813.34",
      "endTime": "815.98",
      "body": "demonstrating that her passion for software has never faded."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "816.5",
      "endTime": "822.84",
      "body": "More importantly, every time we use a piece of reliable software or trust a computer with a critical task,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "823.18",
      "endTime": "826.98",
      "body": "we are benefiting from the groundwork laid by Margaret Hamilton and her team."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "827.64",
      "endTime": "831.02",
      "body": "From writing code by hand that would fly humans to the moon,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "831.2",
      "endTime": "834.34",
      "body": "to inspiring the countless software engineers who followed,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "834.34",
      "endTime": "839.84",
      "body": "Margaret Hamilton's story is a testament to curiosity, courage, and impeccable."
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "840",
      "endTime": "850.12",
      "body": "code. In the shell is written, researched, and recorded by me, Ground Control. This is the final"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "850.12",
      "endTime": "855.5",
      "body": "episode of season two. I'll be taking a short break, but I'll be back soon with a new theme"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "855.5",
      "endTime": "862.08",
      "body": "for season three. If you haven't yet listened to season one, all about early computer viruses,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "862.76",
      "endTime": "869.34",
      "body": "now is a great time to catch up. And lastly, if you're listening in an app that lets you rate"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "869.34",
      "endTime": "877.18",
      "body": "shows, please take a minute to rate this one. I would truly appreciate it. That's it. Take care,"
    },
    {
      "speaker": "Josh",
      "startTime": "877.38",
      "endTime": "878.76",
      "body": "and I'll see you next season."
    }
  ]
}